" No.  201 


U-VA'C  -^'^• 

THE 

CHINA  MISSION 


A Manual  for  the  Use  of 
Volunteers  and  Newly  Appointed 
Members  of  the  Staf 


BY  THE 

BISHOPS  IN  CHINA 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 
Columbia  University  Libraries 


https://archive.org/details/chinamissionOOgrav 


THE 

CHINA  MISSION 

A Manual  for  the  Use  of 
Volunteers  and  Newly  Appointed 
Members  of  the  Stajff 


Church  Missions  House 
281  Fourth  Avenue 
New  York 


CONTENTS 


PAGE 

I.  THE  CHINA  MISSION 3 

II.  THE  NATURE  OF  THE  WORK  . . 4 

1.  The  Object  of  the  Mission  ...  4 

. 2.  Forms  of  Work  5 

a.  Evangelistic 5 

b.  Educational 6 

c.  Medical  8 

d.  General  (Orphanage,  Industrial, 

Business,  Literary)  ....  10 

HI.  QUALIFICATIONS  OF  MISSION- 
ARIES   12 

1.  General 12 

a.  Spiritual,  Physical,  Intellectual  . 12 

b.  Temperament,  Age,  Marriage  . . 13 

2.  Special 18 

For  Clergymen,  Physicians,  Teachers 

and  Nurses 18 

IV.  SALARIES  AND  TERM  OF  SERVICE  19 

V.  APPLICATION  AND  APPOINTMENT  21 

VI.  EQUIPMENT  AND  JOURNEY  . . 23 

APPENDIX  A.  THE  BOARD  OF  MIS- 
SIONS   26 

APPENDIX  B.  THE  BISHOPS  IN  CHINA  28 

APPENDIX  C.  STATISTICS  OF  THE 
THREE  DISTRICTS,  1917  ....  29 

APPENDIX  D.  OFFICERS  OF  BOARD 
OF  MISSIONS,  CHURCH  MISSIONS 
HOUSE 30 


APPENDIX  E.  BOOKS  ON  CHINA  . . 31 


I.  THE  CHINA  MISSION 


Geographical 


T 


iHE  work  of  the  American 
Episcopal  Church  in  China 
was  begun  in  1835.  “The  China  Mission”  is 
a term  which  includes  all  the  work  of  our 
Church  in  China.  This  work  is  in  the  valley 
of  the  Yangtse  River  and  comprises  three  mis- 
sionary districts.  The  Missionary  District  of 
Shanghai  consists  of  the  Province  of  Kiangsu, 
the  Missionary  District  of  Hankow  consists  of 
the  Province  of  Hupeh  with  the  northern  por- 
tion of  Hunan,  and  the  Missionary  District  of 
Anking  consists  of  the  Province  of  Anhui  with 
the  northern  portion  of  Kiangsi.  The  total 
population  of  the  three  districts  is  about  100,- 
000,000,  or  approximately  that  of  the  United 
States. 

The  Missionary  District  of  Han- 

Rie^Mssion°^  Anking  were  set  off 

from  the  original  diocese  in  1901 
and  1910,  respectively  in  consequence  of  the 
growth  of  the  work.  The  title  “The  China 
Mission”  indicates  not  only  that  the  three  mis- 
sionary districts  have  grown  out  of  one  diocese 
by  a process  of  division,  but  that  they  are 
woi'king  for  the  same  end  and  have  in  general 
the  same  methods  of  work  based  upon  the  ex- 
perience and  traditions  of  many  years.  They 
3 


are  thus  bound  together  very  closely  as  parts 
of  one  whole.  The  missionary  who  joins  the 
staff  in  any  one  of  these  districts  becomes  con- 
scious at  once  that  he  is  not  only  a member  of 
his  own  mission,  but  has  a share  in  the  whole 
work  of  the  Church  in  China.  And  it  is  an 
additional  inspiration  to  feel  that  the  three  dio- 
ceses of  the  American  Church  are  united  with 
the  seven  dioceses  of  the  Church  of  England 
and  the  diocese  of  the  Canadian  Church  in  a 
common  self-governing  national  Church 
known  as  “the  Holy  Catholic  Church  of 
China.”  It  is  no  little  or  particular  work  upon 
which  he  enters,  but  he  becomes  a member  of  a 
great  body  and  a sharer  in  its  life. 


II.  THE  NATURE  OF  THE  WORK 

The  object  of  the  Mission  is 

the  extension  of  the  King- 
the  Mission  . . ° 

dom  of  God  in  China.  To  this 

end  its  chief  energies  are  devoted  to  the  up- 
building and  strengthening  of  the  Chinese 
Church,  through  the  conversion  of  individuals 
and  their  union  with  Christ.  It  is  the  build- 
ing up  of  a body  which  will  be  self-perpetuat- 
ing and  will  live  on  with  the  life  of  Christ, 
bringing  souls  to  Him  for  ages  after  the  work 
of  the  foreign  missionary  has  been  done — a 
Chinese  Church  with  its  bishops  and  other 
clergy  and  its  organization  in  parishes,  dio- 
4 


ceses  and  synods  for  orderly  government,  inde- 
pendent and  self-supporting.  The  foundations 
are  already  laid  since  in  1912  a General  Synod 
representing  the  Missions  of  the  entire  Angli- 
can Communion  in  China  adopted  a Consti- 
tution and  Canons  for  such  a Church  as  this. 

Mission  work  is  much  more  than 
Forms  of  preaching  to  the  heathen.  It  is  as 

wide  and  varied  as  human  nature, 
and  its  aims  to  touch  men  at  every  point  where 
they  are  approachable.  It  is  not  possible  in 
this  space  to  give  in  detail  all  the  ways  in 
which  that  work  is  done,  but  we  can  indicate 
some  of  the  main  lines  upon  which  it  proceeds. 

p . The  first  is  the  evangelistic  work. 

ange  istic  includes  both  public  preach- 

ing and  the  more  effective  private  teaching  of 
those  who  desire  to  learn.  Under  the  super- 
vision of  the  bishops  there  is  a body  of  Ameri- 
can and  Chinese  clerg)\  There  are  also  a 
number  of  catechists  and  Bible-women,  i.  e., 
women  catechists.  The  catechists  bring  the 
people  into  touch  with  the  clergy.  Those  who 
wish  to  learn  about  Christianity  are  admitted 
as  catechumens  by  a public  service  and  enter 
upon  a course  of  instruction.  The  men  are 
formed  into  classes  and  taught  regularly  by 
the  clergy  and  their  helpers ; the  women,  in 
classes  by  themselves,  are  taught  by  the  Ameri- 
can women  and  the  Chinese  Bible-women  who 


5 


are  engaged  with  them  in  this  branch  of  the 
work.  After  a year's  probation  and  instruc- 
tion the  catechumens  are  baptized  and  enter 
upon  a further  period  of  instruction  before 
they  are  confirmed'  and  admitted  to  Holy  Com- 
munion. 


The  clergy  and  catechists  as  well  as  the 
American  and  Chinese  women  workers  regu- 
larly visit  the  stations  which  are  their  particu- 
lar care  and  oversee  the  work  af  each  point. 
In  the  newer  stations  the  communicants  and 
baptized  Christians  meet  for  worship  in  rented 
rooms  or  in  small  chapels,  while  in  the  larger 
centres  congregations  of  considerable  size  oc- 
cupy well-appointed  churches  and  are  moving 
toward  self-support. 


Educational 


The  respect  in  which  learning 
has  always  been  held  in  China 
pointed  out  to  the  early  missionaries  another 
path  of  approach.  Schools  and  colleges  have 
been  established  by  missionaries  throughout 
the  Empire,  and  in  this  work  our  own  Church 
has  not  been  behindhand.  Beginning  with 
day-schools  for  boys  or  girls,  with  one  teacher 
and  from  twenty  to  thirty  pupils,  in  which  the 
instruction  was  very  largely  in  the  Chinese 
classics,  taught  in  the  old-fashioned  way,  the 
Mission  has  steadily  improved  them,  so  tha*^ 
at  the  present  time  the  instruction  is  in  the 
same  subjects  and  by  the  same  methods  as  in 
6 


western  countries^  though  conducted  in  the 
Chinese  language. 

Above  the  day-school  comes  the  middle- 
school,  usually  a boarding-school,  where  more 
advanced  instruction  is  given  and  to  which  the 
children  of  the  day-schools  are  advanced  if 
they  desire  it.  Here  the  study  of  English  is 
begun  and  much  of  the  teaching  is  done  by 
the  missionary  who  is  in  charge  of  the  school, 
and  in  som'e  cases  by  the  foreign  teachers  who 
work  with  him.  The  same  is  true  of  the  mid- 
dle-schools for  girls  where  young  women  who 
are  teachers  find  abundant  employment.  Our 
high  schools  for  girls,  St.  Mary’s  at  Shanghai 
and  St.  Hilda’s  at  Wuchang,  are  steadily  rais- 
ing the  grade  of  instruction  to  meet  the  de- 
mand for  more  advanced  education  for 
women. 

The  highest  grade  of  teaching  is  that  given 
' in  St.  John’s  University  at  Shanghai  and 
Boone  University  at  Wuchang.  Each  of  these 
institutions  includes  a preparatory  department 
with  a course  of  four  years  or  more,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  college  proper  with  its  course  of 
four  years.  In  the  preparatory  department 
more  subjects  are  taught  in  English  than  in 
the  middle-schools,  and  in  the  colleges  English 
is  the  medium  of  instruction  in  all  branches 
except  Chinese  literature.  The  majority  of 
the  teachers  or  professors  are  Americans, 
7 


while  in  the  preparatoiy  department  the  ma- 
jority are  Chinese.  Here  is  a magnificent  field 
of  work  for  young  laymen  who  c^n  teach,  for 
it  will  give  them  great  influence  over  the  alert 
and  intelligent  Chinese  students  who  are  here 
preparing  to  be  the  teachers  and  leaders  of 
their  countrymen. 

In  connection  with  the  two  universities  are 
the  schools  of  theology  and  medicine.  Our 
best  Chinese  helpers  amongst  the  clergy  and 
the  doctors  have  been  trained  in  these.  Other 
schools,  which,  while  classed  as  educational 
institutions  are  really  a part  of  the  evangelistic 
work,  are  the  schools  for  catechists  and  for 
Bible-women. 

It  will  appear  from  this  brief  review  how 
large  and  important  is  the  educational  work 
of  the  Mission  and  how  necessary  it  is  to  keep 
it  supplied  with  trained  teachers  from  home. 
The  middle-schools  and  colleges  are  largely 
self-supporting,  owing  to  the  great  demand 
for  education  in  China.  The  two  universities 
including  their  preparatory  departments  num- 
ber nearly  500  students  each,  while  a middle- 
school  has  from  fifty  to  100  pupils. 

. The  medical  work  has  arisen  out  of 
the  physical  needs  of  the  people  of 
China  as  naturally  as  the  evangelistic  and  edu- 
cational work  has  been  done  in  answer  to  their 
spiritual  and  intellectual  needs.  It  is  not  to 
8 


be  considered  as  a bait  by  which  men  are 
drawn  to  accept  the  Gospel,  but  as  holding 
something  of  the  same  place  as  the  miracles 
of  mercy  which  our  Lord  worked  upon  the 
sick.  These  were  the  natural  outflowing  of 
His  love  to  man,  and  the  work  of  the  medi- 
cal missionary  is  the  free  and  unselfish  devo- 
tion of  time  and  skill  to  heal  the  bodily  ills  of 
men.  It  serves,  no  doubt,  as  an  evidence  of  : 
what  Christianity  means,  but  it  is  more  than 
this ; it  is  Christian  love  in  action,  and  love 
is  the  true  motive  for  every  form  of  mission-  ; 
ary  work. 

In  the  District  of  Shanghai  there  are  at 
Shanghai,  St.  Luke'’s  Hospital  for  men  and 
St.  Elizabeth’s  for  women,  with  dispensaries 
at  both  hospitals  as  well  as  at  Jessfield.  At 
Wusih  there  is  St.  Andrew’s  Hospital  with 
its  dispensary. 

In  the  District  of  Hankow  there  is  the 
Church  General  Hospital  in  Wuchang,  with  its 
dispensary. 

In  the  District  of  Anking  there  is  St.  James’s 
Hospital,  Anking,  for  both  men  and  women, 
and  a dispensary  connected  with  it. 

The  hospitals  for  women  are  under  the  i 
charge  of  women  physicians.  The  doctors,  ■ 
whether  men  or  women,  are  graduates  of  the  ; 
best  medical  schools,  and  the  aim  of  all  these  j 
institutions  is  to  give  the  Chinese  the  benefit  1 
9 i 


(of  the  best  care  and  the  highest  skill,  in  the 
present,  and  to  supply  them  with  the  object 
Wesson  of  a few  well-equipped,  well-organized 
ind  well-conducted  institutions,  that  they  may 
3e  led  to  provide  large  numbers  of  similar 
institutions  for  themselves  and  their  country- 
aen  in  the  future.  Working  with  the  Ameri- 
[can  doctors  are  Chinese  doctors  who  have 
'graduated  from  mission  medical  schools,  and 
in  some  instances  from  medical  schools  in  the 
United  States,  and  assistants  who  have  been 
trained  in  the  mission  hospitals.  The  hospitals 
owe  much  also  to  the  American  women  who 
have  come  out  as  nurses.  Their  assistance  in 
the  operating  rooms  and  care  for  the  cleanli- 
ness of  the  hospitals,  their  training  of  Chinese 
nurses,  and  their  work  with  the  women  in  the 
dispensaries  are  of  the  greatest  value  to  the 
medical  work.  The  value  of  the  medical  work 
is  so  plain  to  the  community  where  it  is  estab- 
lished that  it  usually  receives  substantial  sup- 
port in  fees  and  subscriptions  from  Chinese 
and  foreigners. 

These  three  main  lines  of  mis- 
sionary  activity  by  no  means 
cover  all  the  work  that  is  done. 
There  are  industrial  schools  for  boys  at 
Ichang,  and  for  girls  and  women  at  Wuchang, 
as  well  as  a school  for  the  wives  and  daugh- 
ters of  officials  at  the  same  place.  Only  the 
lack  of  workers  and  of  money  stands  in  the 
10 


way  of  opening  similar  institutions  in  other 
places. 

There  are  posts  like  that  of  the  treasurer, 
who  does  so  much  for  the  efficiency  of  the 
whole  work  by  keeping  the  accounts  of  the 
Mission  and  attending  to  innumerable  matters 
of  business.  Stenographers  also  furnish  val- 
uable assistance  in  handling  the  correspond- 
ence of  the  Mission.  In  every  station  repairs 
have  to  be  made  to  buildings,  lands  bought, 
new  buildings  planned  and  erected,  and  the 
compounds  kept  neat  and  sanitary,  while 
choirs  and  organists  have  to  be  trained,  so  that 
every  missionary  will  find  ample  occupation 
for  whatever  talents  and  abilities  he  possesses. 

Lastly  there  is  an  occupation  which  if  diffi- 
cult and  exacting  is  of  the  greatest  use  both 
to  the  Mission  and  to  China  at  large,  namely, 
literary  work,  the  preparation  and  translation 
of  books.  Litera  scripta  manet — the  books 
over  which  a man  has  spent  months  or  per- 
haps year  of  toil,  as  in  the  case  of  our  great 
scholar,  Bishop  Schereschewsky,  will  influence 
those  who  read  long  after  the  one  who  wrote 
them  has  passed  away. 

Finally,  in  recognition  of  the  Mission’s 
sense  of  responsibility  for  the  religious  wel- 
fare of  the  foreign  communities  in  the  midst 
' of  which  the  missionaries  live,  services  in  Eng- 
lish are  conducted  at  the  various  ports  along 
the  Yangtse. 


11 


III.  QUALIFICATIONS  FOR 
SERVICE 


Qualifications  for  missionary  work 

are  both  general  and  special. 

The  fundamental  qualification 

General  £qj.  eyg^-y  missionary  is  personal 

Oualincations  ^ jt 

devotion  to  Christ  and  love  for 

His  Church.  This  will  lead  to  loyal  and  joyful 
participation  in  the  corporate  worship  and  life 
of  the  Church,  as  well  as  to  the  formation  of 
regular  habits  of  prayer  and  Bible  study, 
while  this  alone  will  fit  one  to  make  all  his  life 
and  work  tell  for  the  supreme  end  of  the  Mis- 
sion, namely,  the  establishment  of  the  Chris- 
tian Church  in  .China. 


Physical 


Sound  health  is  essential,  and  to  pre- 


intellectual 


serve  this  one  must  cultivate  those 
regular  habits  in  I'ecreation  as  well  as  in  daily 
life  and  work  which  are  recognized  as  requisite 
to  this  end  in  the  home  land. 

A college  education  is  highly 
desirable  for  all  those  who  would 
be  missionaries,  and  is  usually  essential  for  the 
men,  though  it  should  be  remembered  that 
what  the  Mission  requires  is  not  so  much 
learning  as  wisdom.  The  traditional  respect 
of  the  Chinese  for  learning,  on  the  one  hand, 
and  the  necessity  of  acquiring  their  difficult 
language,  on  the  other,  add  emphasis  to  this 
point,  for  even  teachers  in  the  English  depart- 
12 


ment  of  our  schools  should  certainly  spend 
some  time  on  the  language.  They  can  never 
really  understand  the  people  until  they  can 
talk  to  them  in  their  own  tongue.  Neither 
can  they  win  much  respect  outside  of  the 
class  room,  nor  can  they  enter  with  sympathy 
into  all  the  work  of  the  Mission  until  they 
have  some  knowledge  of  Chinese.  Further- 
more, any  gift,  talent  or  acquirement  likely 
to  add  usefulness  at  home  will  add  at  least 
as  much  abroad,  and  the  highest  mental  power, 
intellectual  attainment,  personal  culture  and 
refinement,  executive  ability,  administrative 
capacity,  fertility  in  resources  and  expedients, 
or  even  eloquence,  will  find  ample  scope  in 
China.  Let  no  one  think  that  anything  he 
has  or  is,  is  too  good  or  too  precious  to  be 
used  in  the  building  of  the  Church  in  China. 
That  work  is  so  great,  so  difficult,  so  exacting, 
and  so  far-reaching  in  its  purposes  and  con- 
sequences, as  to  demand  all  that  is  best  in  the 
very  best  men  and  women  the  Church  can 
supply. 

Missionaries  must  be  able  to 
Temperament  j ^ i ^ 

adapt  themselves  to  new  circum- 
stances. They  must  first  make  themselves  at 
home  in  a strange  land,  and  thereafter  be 
ready,  if  the  exigencies  of  the  Mission  require, 
to  move  from  the  place,  and  perhaps  work, 
with  which  they  have  become  familiar  and  fit 
into  a new  station  or  a new  work. 

13 


Again,  a missionary  must  eliminate  every- 
thing of  the  nature  of  racial  antipathy.  This 
does  not  mean  the  cultivation  of  sentimental 
softness ; but  it  does  mean  for  most  persons  a 
deliberate  determination  and  effort  to  treat 
members  of  an  alien  race  with  respect  and 
sympathy.  Anything  like  a patronizing  atti- 
tude is  distasteful  to  the  Chinese,  as  it  is  to 
any  self-respecting  people;  while  anything 
which  savors  of  contempt  will  be  fatal  to  the 
influence  of  a missionary.  The  best  asset 
one  can  acquire  in  China  is  a reputation  for 
being  a true  friend  of  the  Chinese  and  their 
country. 

The  saving  sense  of  humor  is  a qualification 
much  appreciated  by  the  Chinese  and  of  great 
value  to  the  Mission  and  the  missionary. 
Many  a trying  situation  can  be  saved  from 
turning  into  a disaster  if  the  missionary  can 
see  and  make  his  friends  see  the  humorous 
side  of  a grave  problem. 

The  following  words  of  Bishop  Ingle  de- 
scribe further  qualities  required  in  mission- 
aries to  China : 

“We  want  open-minded  men,  not  those 
who  have  pet  theories  to  exploit ; men  who 
will  be  ready  to  acknowledge  that  they 
know  practically  nothing  about  the  work, 
no  matter  how  many  books  they  may  have 
read.  They  may  expect  to  unlearn  almost 
all  they  have  learnt.  We  want  men  who 
14 


can  dp  this  without  too  great  a strain  on 
their  fellow-workers. 

“We  want  companionable  men.  In  mis- 
sion work  one's  time  is  spent  in  closest  con- 
tact, often  under  the  same,  roof,  with  other 
workers.  These  conditions  sometimes  test 
to  the  utmost  a man’s  unselfishness,  humility, 
gentlemanliness.  The  cross-grained,  selfish 
man  may  make  life  unbearable  for  a whole 
station. 

“We  want  men  of  intense  and  well-bal- 
anced determination.  Reckless  enthusiasm, 
which  violates  the  rules  of  common  sense, 
may  do  irreparable  harm.  Both  in  the  study 
of  the  language  and  the  prosecution  of  the 
work  the  prospect  will  often  look  dark  and 
the  newcomer  be  inclined  to  despair.  He 
needs  a reserve  of  faith  and  endurance  to 
tide  him  over  these  periods  of  depression.” 

Any  kind  of  self-centredness,  such  as  the 
old-fashioned  sin  of  accidie*  or  gloominess 
and  depression,  is  particularly  fatal  in  mission 
work.  If  missionaries  fail,  as  they  sometimes 
do,  and  have  to  return  home,  their  failure  is 
often  due  to  their  inability  to  live  and  work 
harmoniously  with  their  colleagues.  The  ability 
to  get  on  well  with  others  is  of  the  first  impor- 
tance, for  unless  there  is  unity  among  the  mis- 
sionaries there  can  be  no  success  in  the  work. 
Volunteers  should  be  preferably  not  un- 
der twenty-five  and  not  over  thirty-five 
years  old.  Before  twenty-five  it  is*  not  con- 


®See  “The  Spirit  of  Discipline,”  by  the  late  Bishop  of  Oxford 
(Dr.  Paget). 

15 


sidered  that  the  purpose  will  always  be  fixed, 
or  the  physical  constitution  settled,  or  the  ex- 
perience of  life  have  been  sufficient  to  warrant 
the  hope  that  the  volunteer  will  remain  perma- 
nently in  the  work.  After  thirty-five  it  is  too 
late  to  enter  upon  the  study  of  so  exacting  a 
language  as  the  Chinese,  which  demands  at 
least  two  years  of  study  before  the  student  is 
well  grounded.  These  two  years  of  study 
must  be  added  to  the  age  at  which  the  mis- 
sionary enters  the  Mission  in  estimating  the 
time  when  he  will  do  really  effective  work  in 
an  independent  way. 

The  readjustment  to  strange  surroundings 
and  new  people  required  of  a missionary,  also, 
is  easier  for  those  whose  habits  of  life  have 
not  become  too  fixed.  Therefore,  the  Mission 
aims  to  secure  its  candidates  as  young  as  is 
compatible  with  stability,  in  the  expectation 
that  the  worker  will  give  the  Mission  a long 
period  of  service,  for  the  value  of  the  mis- 
sionary ought  to  increase  with  the  length  of 
time  spent  in  the  work. 

Long  experience  leads  the  bishops  to 
Marriage  pj.g£gj-  workers  come  to  the 

field  unmarried.  One  reason  for  this  is  that 
the  Mission  is  almost  always  crowded  for 
house  accommodation.  But  the  main  reason 
is  that  a man  needs  to  have  the  first  year  or 
two  of  his  life  in  China  unencumbered  by 
16 


family  cares,  in  order,  first,  that  he  may  be 
freer  to  study  the  language  and  acquire  famifi 
iarity  with  Chinese  etiquette  and  modes  of 
thought.  These  ends  are  secured,  not  only 
by  the  private  study  of  the  language,  but  also 
by  conversation  and  contact  with  the  Chinese. 
Secondly,  that  he  may  become  acquainted  with 
his  colleagues,  and  enter  into  the  traditions 
and  life  of  the  Mission.  These  two  things 
are  the  chief  business  of  every  missionary  dur- 
ing the  first  two  or  three  years  in  China.  The 
married  man  naturally  and  rightly  gives  time 
to  his  home  which  the  single  man  as  naturally 
gives  to  intercourse  with  other  people;  and 
this  gives  an  immense  advantage  to  the  man 
who  begins  his  career  in  China  as  a bachelor. 
For  some  men  freedom  from  family  responsi- 
bilities will  always  mean  greater  effectiveness 
in  the  work. 

Furthermore,  in  the  matter  of  health, 

while  “the  climate,”  as  physicians  now 
tell  us,  “is  in  the  kitchen,”  and  there  are  few 
if  any  diseases  which  may  rightly  be  classed 
as  “climatic,”  the  care  of  health  in  China  needs 
more  attention  than  it  usually  receives  in  the 
missionary’s  native  land,  and  after  learning 
how  to  supervise  his  kitchen  and  take  care  of 
his  own  health,  a man  will  be  far  better  quali- 
fied than  he  can  be  during  his  first  year,  to 
take  care  of  his  wife  and  assume  the  respon- 
sibilities of  a home  of  his  own. 

17 


Special 

Qualifications 


Let  it  be  clearly  understood  that 
it  is  not  extraordinary  ability 
that  is  needed  so  much  as  the 


solid  groundwork  of  character,  the  virtues  of 
patience,  diligence  and  prayerfulness,  of  com- 
mon sense  and  resourcefulness.  These  are  the 
qualities  that  make  any  work  succeed,  and  the 
work  in  China  is  no  exception. 

It  is  nevertheless  highly  important  that 
every  missionary  should  have  special  qualifi- 
cations fitting  him  for  the  particular  depart- 
ment of  service  in  which  he  is  to  engage.  Two 
facts  in  the  development  of  the  Church  in 
China  emphasize  this  point.  First,  the  in- 
creasing division  of  labor  among  the  several 
departments  of  the  Mission.  For  instance, 
it  is  scarcely  possible,  and  certainly  it  is  not 
desirable,  that  any  man  should  attempt  to  do 
the  work  of  both  a doctor  and  a clergyman. 
In  the  second  place,  the  Chinese  are  shrewd 
judges  of  men,  and  are  daily  acquiring  a wider 
acquaintance  with  western  civilization.  They 
inevitably  judge  the  Mission  and  Christianity 
itself  by  the  character  and  attainments  of  the 
missionaries. 

In  view  of  these  facts,  a clergyman  should 
have  had  the  advantage  of  at  least  three  years’ 
special  study  in  a theological  school,  after  com- 
pleting his  college  course. 

The  teacher  likewise  in  addition  to  the  regu- 
lar course  in  liberal  arts  should  have  special 


18 


preparation  in  the  science  and  art  of  teaching. 
The  medical  missionary  must  not  only  have 
won  a medical  degree,  but  also  have  had  at 
least  a year’s  experience  in  a good  hospital. 

For  women  who  are  to  be  engaged  in  the 
evangelistic  work  the  full  two  years’  course 
in  one  of  the  training-schools  for  deaconesses 
is  usually  desirable,  even  if  they  have  already 
completed  a college  course.  For  nurses  the 
course  required  for  graduation  in  our  best 
nurses’  training-schools  is  indispensable.  Some 
experience  in  hospital  administration  will  be 
found  of  great  advantage  to  nurses,  and  special 
study  in  manual  obstetric  work  is  so  important 
that  it  should  be  secured  before  coming  to 
China. 

IV.  SALARIES  AND  TERM  OF 
SERVICE 

SALARIES:  begin  on  arrival 
in  the  field  -and  increase 
gradually  with  the  length  of  service,  until  the 
maximum  is  reached  at  the  end  of  fourteen 
years.  The  salary  paid  to  a missionary  is 
not  intended  as  a reward  or  payment  for 
services  rendered,  but  rather  as  an  allowance 
to  meet  the  actual  needs  of  the  normal  life  of 
a missionary  in  China.  The  exact  amount  of 
the  salaries  paid  can  be  ascertained  by  apply- 
ing to  the  Foreign  Secretary  of  the  Board 
19 


of  Missions,  but  bare  figures  give  little  idea  of 
what  the  salary  is  worth.  Suffice  it  to  say 
that  experience  proves  the  salaries  paid  to  be 
sufficient,  though  they  leave  very  little  margin 
for  the  payment  of  debts  incurred  before  com- 
ing to  China,  or  for  the  support  of  others  than 
the  missionaries  and  their  own  immediate  fam- 
ilies. 


The  Term 
of  Service 

the  Board: 


The  missionary’s  term  of  con- 
tinuous service  in  China  is  gov- 
erned by  the  following  rules  of 


“1.  That  in  the  case  of  unmarried 
women  spending  their  first  term  in  the  field, 
they  be  given,  after  a term  of  service  of  four 
yeg.rs,  a furlough  of  six  months  in  the 
United  States  or  their  domicile. 

“IT  That  in  all  other  cases  the  term  of 
service  in  the  field  shall  be  five  years,  fol- 
lowed by  a six  months’  furlough  in  the 
United  States  or  their  domicile,  it  being  pro- 
vided that  in  special  cases  the  Board  may 
arrange  for  seven  years’  service,  to  be  fol- 
lowed by  a whole  year’s  furlough  for  the 
sake  of  special  work  or  study. 

“HI.  That  the  furlough  be  so  arranged 
that  the  departure  and  the  return  to  the 
field  will  be  timed  to  suit  the  necessities  of 
the  Mission  work.” 


There  are  special  arrangements  applying  to 
American  teachers  in  St.  John’s  University, 
Shanghai.  The  Foreign  Secretary  of  the 
Board  of  Missions  will  supply  particulars. 

20 


When  a missionary  returns 

Furlough  home  on  furlough  after  a full 
Arrangements  ? r i i t • 

term  of  service  m the  held,  his 

travel  expenses  are  paid  by  the  Board  of  Mis- 
sions. The  same  is  true  when  he  returns  to  the 
field  after  furlough.  While  traveling  at  the 
expense  of  the  Board  to  and  from  the  field,  the 
unmarried  missionary  receives  no  salary.  The 
salary  goes  into  effect  again  as  soon  as  he 
reaches  home  or  returns  to  the  field.  The 
salary  of  a married  missionary  is  continued 
during  travel’  on  regular  furlough  or  on  sick 
leave. 

While  at  home  resting,  studying  or  doing 
deputation  work,  the  missionary  is  entitled  to 
the  same  compensation  as  in  the  field.  If, 
while  at  home,  he  undertakes  any  occupation 
that  provides  him  with  an  income,  the  salary 
from  the  Board  is  reduced.  Arrangements 
of  this  kind  should  be  made  only  after  con- 
sultation with  the  Board. 


V.  APPLICATION  AND  APPOINT- 
MENT 


How 
to  Apply 


H 


AVING  decided  to  offer  for 
work  in  the  China  Mission, 
the  candidate  should  write  a letter 
giving  a full  account  of  himself,  stating  clearly 
his  age,  native  place,  residence,  education, 
health,  present  and  previous  employments,  and 
21 


everything  else  which  he  thinks  may  help  the  | 
Board  of  Missions  and  the  bishop  of  the  dis- 
trict to  decide  in  which  part  of  the  work  to 
place  hint  if  he  is  appointed. 

He  should  send  this  letter  to  the  Foreign 
Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Missions  at  the 
Church  Missions  House,  281  Fourth  Avenue, 
New  York,  who  will  tell  him  what  to  do  next. 

After  the  candidate  has  passed  the  medical 
examination  and  furnished  the  testimonials 
called  for  by  the  Board,  it  usually  requires 
weeks,  and  sometimes  even  months,  before  his 
application  can  be  finally  acted  upon.  Ap- 
pointments are  made  by  the  joint  action  of 
the  bishop  of  the  district  and  the  Board  of 
Missions.  The  application  is  probably  for  life 
service  and  it  is  necessary  to  learn  a great  deal 
about  any  candidate  before  deciding  whether 
he  should  be  received  into  the  intimate  and 
life-long  fellowship  of  the  Mission  staff;  for 
the  consequences  of  a misfit  are  serious,  both 
to  the  Mission  and  to  the  missionary. 

Applications  will  be  received  at 
tcf^pply  time,  but  the  best  time  to  ap- 

ply is  in  December.  This  allows 
opportunity  to  get  the  candidate’s  papers  in 
order  so  that  they  may  be  acted  upon  before 
the  summer ; which,  in  case  the  candidate  is  ap- 
pointed, gives  him  the  summer  to  prepare  for 
his  journey.  New  missionaries  should  start 
for  the  field  in.  the  best  possible  physical  con- 
22 


dition,  rested  and  refreshed,  that  they  may 
enter  without  handicap  on  the  new  conditions 
of  life  in  China.  It  is  usually  best  to  reach 
the  field  early  in  the  autumn. 

The  cost  of  placing  a new  missionary  in  the 
field  is  approximately  $500.  If  a missionary 
retires  from  the  service  voluntarily  within 
five  years  of  his  appointment,  he  is  expected 
to  pay  his  own  way  home  and  to  return  to  the 
Board  of  Missions  a portion  of  the  money 
spent  in  placing  him  in  the  field.  Thus  if  he 
resigns  at  the  end  of  two  years,  he  is  expected 
to  repay  three-fifths  of  the  expense ; at  the 
end  of  three  years,  two-fifths,  etc.,  etc.  If  he 
resigns  after  five  years  in  the  field,  his  travel 
expenses  home  are  paid  by  the  Board. 

In  case  the  missionary  is  asked 

ifethement  bishop  and  the  Board  of 

Missions  to  retire  from  the  staff, 
or  if  his  health  breaks  down,  travel  expenses 
home  are  paid  by  the  Board,  no  matter  how 
brief  the  service  in  the  field  may  have  been, 
and  no  return  from  him  is  asked. 


VI.  EQUIPMENT  AND  JOURNEY 

HE  Board  of  Missions  pays 
Expenses  A the  travel  expenses  to  the 
and  Outfit  field  by  the  most  direct  route. 
The  Board  also  allows  a fixed  amount  for  the 


purchase  of  outfit.  Of  this  one-half  should  be 
reserved  for  purchase  of  furniture  and  house- 
hold supplies  in  China.  To  describe  in  detail 
what  a missionary  should  take  with  him  to 
China  would  be  both  difficult  and  largely  use- 
less, for  individual  tastes  and  needs  differ 
greatly  and  so  do  the  shopping  opportunities  o 5 
different  mission  stations  in  China.  Every- 
thing which  is  really  necessary  can  be  bought 
in  Shanghai,  while  Hankow  and  even  smaller 
ports  are  yearly  becoming  more  satisfactory  as 
shopping  centres.  Suggestive  “outfit  lists”  for 
either  men  or  women,  prepared  by  workers  at 
several  different  stations,  may  be  secured  from 
the  Board  of  Missions.  Bishop  Ingle’s  advice 
on  this  subject  is  wise.  He  said: 


“Bring  with  you  the  things  that  helped 
to  make  your  life  happy  and  healthy  at 
home.  Bring  all  the  books  you  value” ; 


and  one  might  add  “the  pictures  also.” 


How  to  Ship 


Full  information  as  to  packing 
and  forwarding  goods  will  be 
furnished  by  the  shipping  clerk  at  the  Church 
Missions  House.  It  is  best  to  send  such  things 
to  New  York  four  or  five  months  in  advance 
of  the  time  of  sailing  in  order  that  they  may 
be  in  China  when  the  missionary  arrives.  In 
the  journey  out  one  point  is  especially  to  be 
borne  in  mind: 


24 


On  reaching  the  last  port  before 

You^  Arrival  Shanghai,  i.  e.,  Nagasaki,  if  com- 
ing by  the  Pacific  route,  or 
Hongkong,  if  by  the  Suez  Canal,  send  a mes- 
sage to 

“Jessfield,  Shanghai,” 


which  is  the  registered  address  of  the  Mis- 
sion, giving  the  names  of  all  in  the  party  and 
the  name  of  the  ship.  This  will  ensure  that 
there  will  be  some  one  to  meet  the  party  on 
arrival  in  Shanghai. 


It  is  well  for  the  missionaries  to  re- 
On  the  member  that  in  their  travels,  and 
especially  on  board  a steamer,  they 
are  passengers  with  others.  While  they  should 
be  careful  to  maintain  Christian  principles, 
they  should  avoid  self-assertion  and  profes- 
sionalism. Anything  of  this  sort  will  not 
only  keep  them  from  any  chance  of  helping 
others  but  will  reflect  upon  the  Mission  and 
upon  missionaries  in  general,  while  if  the  mis- 
sionaries remember  to  act  always  as  Christian 
men  and  women  they  will  find  in  the  daily 
intercourse  with  fellow-passengers  abundant 
opportunities  for  influence. 


25 


APPENDIX  A 


THE  BOARD  OF  MISSIONS 

The  Board  of  Missions  is  the  officially 
appointed  executive  body  of  the  Church 
for  the  conduct  of  the  general  missionary 
work.  Its  main  duties  are ; 

I.  To  advise  with  the  bishops  concerning 
the  general  administration  of  the  mission 
work. 

2.  To  give  friendly  encouragement  and 
support  to  the  members  of  the  missionary  staff 
and  to  keep  itself  informed  of  their  work 
through  correspondence  and  personal  reports 
at  meetings  of  the  Board. 

3.  To  secure  recruits  for  the  Mission  field. 

4.  To  secure  and  distribute  funds  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  work. 

5.  To  keep  the  Church  at  home  informed 
about  the  progress  and  needs  of  the  Mission. 

Missionaries  are  appointed  by  the  Board 
only  upon  the  request  of  the  bishops. 

The  detailed  direction  of  the  work  in  a mis- 
sionary district  is  in  the  hands  of  the  bishop 
elected  by  the  General  Convention.  The  mis- 
sionary, therefore,  works  under  the  direction 
of  the  bishop,  not  under  the  direction  of  the 


26 


APPENDIX  h— Continued 


Board  of  Missions.  The  bishops  confer  with 
the  Board  upon  questions  of  general  policy  and 
upon  all  matters  involving  the  expenditure  of 
moneys. 

The  responsibility  for  the  support  of  the 
missionaiy  rests  upon  the  Board.  It  provides 
an  income  not  as  a compensation,  but  in  order 
that  the  missionary  may  be  as  free  as  possible 
from  financial  anxiety  while  giving  his  life  to 
the  Church’s  ■ service.  Provision  is  made 
(through  the  Church  Pension  Fund,  in  the 
case  of  clergy,  and  through  special  grants  from 
the  general  funds  of  the  Board,  in  the  case  of 
lay  workers)  for  the  retirement  of  mission- 
aries reaching  specified  ages. 

The  Board  of  Missions  meets  in  February, 
May,  October  and  December.  Its  Executive 
Committee  meets  monthly,  except  in  July, 
August  and  September. 

Missionaries  are  asked  to  submit  n^atters 
for  the  official  action  of  the  Board  through 
their  bishop. 

It  is  the  earnest  desire  of  the  Board  that 
the  relations  between  it  and  the  missionaries 
shall  not  be  regarded  as  routine  and  official, 
but  as  vital  and  personal. 


27 


APPENDIX  B 


The  Bishops  in  China 
(1918) 

Shanghai:  Right  Rev.  Frederick  R.  Graves,  D.D. 
Jessfield,  Shanghai. 

Hankow:  Right  Rev.  Logan  H.  Roots,  D.D. 
Hankow. 

Anking:  Right  Rev.  D.  T.  Huntington,  D.D. 

Anking. 


28 


APPENDIX  C 


China  Statistics,  1918 


Shanghai 

Hankow 

Ankinfif 

Bishop 

1 

1 

1 

Priests ; Foreign  

13 

18 

7 

Chinese  

14 

16 

6 

Deacons:  Foreign  

Chinese  

4 

1 

5 

5 

Candidates  for  Holy  Orders.. 

7 

7 

Missionary  Physicians  (inch 
women) 

7 

5 

2 

Lay  Teachers  and  Workers: 
Men  

16 

6 

2 

Women 

27 

27 

12 

Wives  of  Missionaries.... 

24 

17 

9 

Catechists  and  Assistants 

44 

48 

24 

Bible-Women  

16 

22 

5 

Chinese  Teachers 

188 

167 

76 

Chinese  Nurses 

45 

26 

12 

Stations 

52 

48 

30 

Baptized  Christians 

3,604 

5,781 

2,028 

Communicants 

1,680 

2,608 

854 

Boarding-Schools 

11 

15 

7 

Boarding  Pupils 

1,128 

' 1,332 

386 

Day-Schools 

41 

71 

29 

Day  Pupils 

1,340 

2,221 

905 

Contributions  (Mex. ) $ 

14,609.00 

8,094.96 

15,533.51 

29 


APPENDIX  D 

Officers  of  the  Board  of  Missions 

Church  Missions  House 
281  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York  City 

(1918) 

President — Right  Rev.  Arthur  Selden  Lloyd,  D.D. 

Foreign  Secretary— Mr . John  W.  Wood. 

Domestic  Secretary- 

Secretary  for  Latin  A merica— 

Rev.  Arthur  R.  Gray,  D.D. 

Recording  Secretary— Rev . Franklin  J.  Clark. 

Educational  Secretary — Wm.  C.  Sturgis,  Ph.D. 

Editorial  Secretory— Rev.  Charles  E.  Betticher. 

Treasurer — Mr.  George  Gordon  King. 

Assistant  Treasurer — Mr.  E.  Walter  Roberts. 


30 


APPENDIX  E 


BOOKS  ON  CHINA 

The  following  books  are  recommended  for  the 
reading  of  volunteers  for  the  China  Mission. 

Most  of  them  will  be  found  in  any  good  public 
library.  Or  they  may  be  borrowed  from  the 
Library  at  the  Church  Missions  House. 

A Sketch  of  Chinese  History 
By  the  Rev.  F.  L.  H.  Pott,  D.D. 

The  Story  of  the  Church  in  China 
By  the  Rev.  Arthur  M.  Sherman. 

The  Emergency  in  China 
By  the  Rev.  F.  L.  H.  Pott,  D.D. 

China 

By  the  Right  Rev.  Frank  L.  Norris  ,D.D. 
Mission  Problems  and  Mission  Methods  in 
South  China 

By  the  Rev.  J.  Campbell  Gibson. 
Chinese  Characteristics 
B}'-  Arthur  H.  Smith. 

Village  Life  in  China 
By  Arthur  H.  Smith. 

China’s  Book  of  Martyrs 
By  L.  Miner. 

China  Centenary  Missionary  Conference  Records 
The  Religion  of  the  Chinese 
By  J.  J.  Degroot,  Ph.D. 

Missionaries  at  Work 
Health  Hints  for  Missionaries  to  China 

James  Addison  Ingle 
By  W.  H.  Jefferys,  M.D. 

The  Changing  Chinese 

By  E.  A.  Ross. 


31 


i' 


,v  ^ 


Copies  of  this  pamphlet  for  the  use 
of  those  considering  missionary 
service  in  China  may  be  obtained 
from  “The  Foreign  Secretary,” 
Church  Missions  House,  281 
Fourth  Avenue,  New  York,  by 
asking  for  Leaflet  No.  201. 


The  Board  of  Missions  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal 
Church  in  the  United  States  of  America, 

Church  Missions  House, 

281  Fourth  Avenue,  New  York 


2 Ed.  5-18.  l^M.  C.H. 


